The formation and development of the Yellow River

 

As the Chinese nation's mother river, the Yellow River at what s formed? In order to find out the birth of the Yellow River s, geologists and archaeologists use many kinds of advanced methods, many years of hard work, and finally draw the latest research results: the development of the Yellow River in 1.5 million years ago, by the crustal movement and erosion, handling, stacking and work together, in the long history of s gradually formed.
"Vicissitudes in the" is a dramatic change in the parable, original intention is to say the vast sea into the field of farming. The Yellow River from the ancient times go today, though not things change, but is also experienced a long process of development. About 1.5 million years ago, in the geologic called tertiary and quaternary early pleistocene s, at that time, in what is now the Yellow River basin, there are many ancient lake basin. About dating back 1.5 million to 1.1 million years, between the previous those ancient lake basin of the west, there was the ancient just, ancient eling and if and cover lake; Today's bohai sea, at that time is also a inland lake basin. The lake basin is a home to return to the local river, lake basin between each other is not connected, just form independent interior drainage, but their formation and development, has been pregnant with the great Yellow River.
It between 1.15 million and 100000, the Yellow River happened intense crustal movement, lake basin uplifted zone between the obvious rise, river sharply incised. Strong geological activities not only make early paleochannel deepen widened, and at the same time, water itself huge headward erosion effect, make early some intermittent river gradually through. Dating back 500000 to 100000 years, the Yellow River basin in addition to the individual ancient lake basin also exist alone outside, others due to the formation of the ancient Yellow River hydrologic network, the river are in the river, the Yellow River basic run-through, the Yellow River channel also basically finalized the design. Can say, the Yellow River conceived in about 1.5 million years ago, dating back 500000 to 100000 years begun to take shape.
"Yellow River water heaven, running to the sea no longer return". Ancient don't know the source of the Yellow River, also do not know the Yellow River development history origin, think this is huge river dominated the fate of mankind from heaven, pentium eastward until the day at the end of the sea. They think it all so since ancient times. In fact, the history of the Yellow River running into the sea is also true of.
Dating back 100000 to 10000 years, in the Yellow River basin of the most ancient lake basin have die, and gradually evolved into the up and down through the Yellow River. At the same time the ancient HuangHaiXi invasion, in today's east of tianjin formed the ancient bohai sea, from then on, the Yellow River lake from tianjin into the bohai sea. In this geological process, the Yellow River of water erosion force constantly to bed work, in the geological effect of the increase of river, the water erosion force make bed constantly brush deep, and subsidence of the reach and constantly fill up, day after day O in about 10000 years ago, the bohai sea and two west influx has near the canal, sea level rise, make the Yellow River water can't continue to smoothly east into the sea, and on the mainland flood wreak havoc, this was later "dayu water conservancy" and YuWang communist-held.

The changes of the downstream channel

As history steps without a moment of suspension, the Yellow River is also in constant motion in the development. Enter has book can take an examination of s, the Yellow River is still in the constantly changing, the saying goes "thirty years hedong hexi, 30 years", although some exaggeration, but vividly portrayed the Yellow River channel and frequent changes of the scene. The change of the Yellow River in the upper, middle and lower reaches are happened, but, the evolution of the middle reaches of the Yellow River to the whole development of the influence is not very big. The Yellow River channel significant and frequent changes, mainly in the downstream.
Since water less than sand, a large number of sediment deposition in the downstream, in the long run, channel is foul, the river can smooth the release, have to "path". History of the Yellow River breach redirection records a lot, but experts put the Yellow River channel of major change into five times.
According to the historical documents research, from 602 BC to the territory of the republic of China period, the Yellow River roughly along the north, middle and south three direction route, alternating into the sea. North road, north from the horse buccal river to tianjin into the sea, to roughly 670 years. South road, which is, namely, in the south of huaihe river from the sea, roughly 720 years; The middle, namely the current along the river in shandong LiJin near the sea. Total lasted 1211 years.
The Yellow River in the great plains change, a large number of sediment deposition, all the past of the Yellow River during menses, have all become a above ground level of sand strip, today, we still can see 3 types: the old migration have left traces.
(a) YuHe
It is said that in ancient times, the Yellow River there is a major flood, flood in the world. Later dayu water conservancy, using the method of counseling, the flood is divided into "JiuHe", guide into the bohai sea, calm floods. In our country, "nine" is the very word, and not necessarily is said to have nine river. The earliest record of the Yellow River geography book is the minister · yugong "and" hill sea classics ", these two books in ancient times the description of the Yellow River and today's archaeological discovery generally consistent with that in the xia, shang and zhou period, the Yellow River downstream channel in natural state, low-lying place distribution many lakes, rivers in collusion with the lakes, is divided into several branch, in the plain on the loose wander, and come to the bohai sea.
The minister ", it is a Chinese ancient history documents and part lies the ancient deeds assembly sex work, "yu gong" is one of the article, the author is unknown. Now people think, it is the works of the warring states period. It USES natural zoning methods about the geographical conditions, the country is divided into "kyushu", under the mask of for dayu after water conservancy administrative division system. It divides the Yellow River basin of the mountains, rivers, 籔 ze, soil, the product, the geld and traffic, the comparatively detailed records. Later generations "yugong" described in the Yellow River, known as the "YuHe" or "YuWang communist-held".
According to the ancient records and geological condition analysis, 3 types: the old in the downstream sheetflood period, along the way accepted by the size of the outflow of taihang mountain streams, and it out today after the branches, the now repair wu, the fine, xinxiang and WeiHui, QiXian, ShangYin and anyang, handan, xingtai, east side, through the DaLiuZe, scattered into the bohai sea.
(2) the warring states to the western han dynasty period of channel
Research of the Yellow River, the "YuHe" as a material record since the original channel, while the first a major channel change took place in 602 BC, is ZhouDing WangWuNian.
In 770 BC, the capital ZhouPingWang moved to the east in luoyang, China's economic center from the Yellow River middle reaches to the downstream direction transfer. Along with the economic development imbalance, zhou dynasty each vassal state of the balance of power has also changed, in hundreds of years, "spring and autumn five bully," "warring states seven male 'have appeared in the history stage, their excellences. At this time, people have realized that the Yellow River is a beneficial and harmful the river. They're banking flood control at the same time, to develop, is the river silt diffuse beach. Levee engineering construction makes the Yellow River changed from time unrecorded sheetflood condition, in the embankment constraints in the plains, loose the river gradually becomes one.

Levee constraints, so that the river fan, but sediment deposition in the downstream of the river, the river bed up continuously. ZhouDing WangWuNian, the Yellow River mouth Xu sincerely in accommodation of cell, the mainstream YuWang communist-held by northeast, by now the puyang, name, GuanXian, linqing, plain, cangzhou, etc in the pair of huang into the bohai sea. This article channel keep to the western han dynasty period, after more than 600 years, known as the western han dynasty.
During the western han period, along with the economic development, population increase, people began to DiNa again in repairing embankment, and in the beach in farming, build the house, the warring states period is more complex than the channel, more twists and turns danger and more significant the ground river, have increased the possibility of breach of the Yellow River. In 132 BC, the Yellow River in puyang HuZi breach, run water into southeast juye ze, flood into the huai. Flood flow after more than 20 years, entrance to plugging complex. After small runoff overflow continuously, the 11th year, the Yellow River in WeiJun breach, the floods in the lu ji between flood nearly 60 years, causing the Yellow River's second big redirection.
(3) the eastern han to sui and tang dynasties, the Yellow River
The eastern han river keep for nearly one thousand years, meantime WangJing river regulation to keep stable flow played an important role. In 69, han Ming emperor sends WangJing river regulation, river diversion, and be proud of Yang to thousand by (now shandong step county northeast) banking li, and adopted a series of supporting channel management measures, stable flow, xinhe smoothly into the sea.
This period, HuangHeJing today puyang, he finds and gaotang, plain, in LiJin area into the sea, river is called during the eastern han dynasty. This article river, after the wei, jin and southern and northern dynasties has been extended to the northern song dynasty era, tang and early song dynasty, the Yellow River and in puyang, between huaxian county enjoys runoff overflow frequently.
(4) the Yellow River
The northern song dynasty, is the Yellow River becomes more and more serious disasters, channel change very severe an era. The ancients said, "HuangHeQing, saint out", visible, people is the Yellow River's calm and political clear and bright relates in together. The northern song dynasty period, the kaifeng, the Yellow River downstream become the political, economic and cultural center. The Yellow River and the interest of the ruler is closely related to the management of the song dynasty is very important to the Yellow River, the court ministers ouyang xiu, WenYanBo, su zhe, etc are put forward a claim on river management. There was a deep river regulation to explore, develop the work consisting of the dyke projects such as construction technology, also started the practice of desilting content of the comprehensive utilization of Yellow River water sand up to a new stage. But this period, due to the channel siltation, and the river had obvious increase; More due to the northern minorities increasingly powerful, north liao invasion become the northern song dynasty's serious trouble or danger, the strategy of the Yellow River management is often influenced the influence of military, increased the can to the Yellow River for natural moat, curb south make the enemy of the content.
In the song dynasty, the Yellow River has remained when the eastern han dynasty flow, later channel YuGao and dangerous cluster. In 1048, the Yellow River in puyang quotient hu consisting of the breach, diversion north flow, and took away yongji ditch from tianjin into the sea, this is the history of the Yellow River third big change.
After more than 10 years, the Yellow River and it has happened so many times of overflow, toward that the governance is not consistent, and political existence "Lord and pie" and "war party", in river regulation, also appeared two pie opinion. A party claim back to hedong flow, a party that let the Yellow River diversion north flow. At that time, the river has been in the above two propositions to the influence of the pendulum to the bottom.
(5) dollar to the Ming and qing dynasties of the Yellow River
In 1128, JinBing south, the southern song dynasty in the frontier. In November, Tokyo (today kaifeng) left-behind DuChong in Yellow River south bank brook county (now weihui municipal) and between huaxian county enjoys (about the redirection site, there are other statements) baring embankment against the enemy. But, with water and the method of soldiers often is stupid and invalid, rushed out of the flood embankment did not stop JinBing south into the pace, on the contrary make HuangHeNa universal approval from the yellow sea, cause and a large diversion.
In Yellow River took the standard 700 years, huaiying above, channel swing frequent, huaiyin the following deposition serious, estuary extended rapidly. Since the Ming dynasty yongle its capital Beijing later, harbor development, management to keep the Yellow River harbor as the main purpose, built in the Ming dynasty when the embankment once weight exceeds that of south, 15 century of the Yellow River in zhengzhou in the following four points south road into requirement; In 1495, to prevent yellow hebei make sliding shipment, and in the north of the Yellow River and repaired do dyke, from then on, the regime more tend to south.
1546 years later, kaifeng to DangShan built between southern embankment, the river had fixed channel, HuangHeJing today LanKao, shangqiu, DangShan, xuzhou, suqian, huaiyin, ripple water into the yellow sea. The first-class road has been extended to the late qing dynasty, the Ming and qing dynasties during this says.
(6) the current channel
In June 1855, the Yellow River in the copper tile compartments (now LanKao DongBa head) breach, the mainstream to flow to the northwest and bends to the northeast, burst cho chang canal, directly endanger the rulers interests. The qing government in breach the beginning of quasi start construction closure, but at that time the taiping heavenly kingdom and twist army of the peasant movement is in the ascendant, the qing government do our utmost to suppress, really too busy to also cannot take care of river runoff, XianFengHuangDi letter respite plugging close, from now on the Yellow River take high qinghe by shandong LiJin into the bohai sea, this is by far the last large diversion.
The Yellow River breach, because of copper tile compartments below the wuding river channel. To the early pathogenesis, the qing government to QuanYu states county self-financing, in xinhe cross-strait along the river, build up the people Nian to prevent flooded diffuse. Around 1885, built by the government to set up new river embankment in succession.
After the formation of the new river, copper tile compartments below channel traceability scour, bed degrading, the henan province rarely appears runoff overflow. 1933 a big flood, henan runoff overflow as many as 50 place. Since then, the henan Yellow River runoff overflow increase gradually.
In 1938, the national government in order to prevent the Japanese west, in zhengzhou HuaYuanKou opens the Yellow River embankment, the whole river beheaded diverted from shahe, YingHe into the huai river, Yellow River in henan, and anhui, Sue flood for as long as nine years. On June 15, 1947, HuaYuanKou entrance plugging complex, the Yellow River during return.
From copper tile compartments breach so far more than 140 years, in addition to 1938 human steak mouth redirection nine years outside, the Yellow River has been the puyang, he finds to cho chang through the canal into big qinghe, in LiJin into the sea. Copper tile compartments diversion, because hydraulic traceability scour, copper tile compartments above cross-strait into a high beach and form the relatively favorable bed. Since 1947 HuangHeGui so far, already AnLiu 50 years, because of sediment deposition, bed drive up, in the downstream and aggravate the ground hanging river situation. But if history for five thousand six hundred years or years of channel phase comparison, the current channel is still a young channel.
The Yellow River downstream channel change situation see below.

                                          Serious natural disasters

Historically, the Yellow River is a calamitous river, sand, sand river, the good silting, ShanXi, good definitely. Especially the downstream, flood runoff overflow very frequent, "three years two breach, one hundred a diversion" is the posterity of the Yellow River flood disasters image description; At the same time, the Yellow River often suffer from HanBa wreak havoc. The Yellow River flood disaster, to have brought people of river basin in suffering.
Raging flood
A deep, floods
Heavy rains and flooding of the Yellow River, occurs in every July to October, known as the "FuQiu DaXun". Ice slush floods, occurs in two in March, called "ice run". FuQiu DaXun and ice run breach, can cause serious disaster.
According to the historical data statistics, from 602 BC to 1938 2540, the Yellow River downstream breach flood years have 543, diversion and times, the major migration 5 times. The Yellow River breach flood range, north to tianjin, south of jianghuai, channel in the huang-huai-hai great plains between multiple swing.
The Yellow River sediment concentration at the world of rivers. As early as in sweat generation, there is "a stone water and six bucket mud" said. Since water less than sand, a large number of sediment deposition continuously in the downstream channel, accumulate over a long period, form bed obviously higher than the ground "hanging river", hanging difference as high as several meters to ten meters. Pentium river only on two levee bound, floods once broken levee breach, like collapse dam flow, high speed pouring, the potential like be strategically situated, bold and flowing, the destroy effect, far more than general plain rivers.
The Yellow River flood can give the urban and rural cause devastating disaster. Every time the Yellow River diversion, will be washed out the local rural cottage, often have the whole town and even the whole city lost horror. The Yellow River seven dynasties kaifeng, history has 6 times by the Yellow River water flooded, every time flooded, to kaifeng people's devastating disaster. According to archaeological excavations confirmed, today we see the kaifeng, gates in the city: the song dynasty kaifeng city base in today's ground the following 8 meters, the Ming dynasty weeks wangfu hall in today's ground below 4.6 meters; Xuzhou city of the Yellow River near the communist-held also unearthed ancient xuzhou city sites.
Due to the characteristics of the Yellow River sandy, flood runoff overflow water back after sand deposit, a large number of houses, fertile land, graff, roads, Wells are sediment buried, land desertification, to ecological environment caused by the impact, years difficult to restore. In 1938, the Yellow River in HuaYuanKou by artificial steak port redirection, formed HuangFanOu, until now, to ecological environment caused by the bad impact is not entirely eliminated. Every time the flood runoff overflow caused casualties and economic loss is huge, the political stability and the ecological environment, such as damage, it is difficult to use digital to calculate.
The earliest in China about flood legend, occurred in the 21st century era of many legends, people are fleeing their homes were destroyed by the flood. After Gun nine years, yu 13 years of management, the flood subsided. The spring and autumn period and the warring states period, also have large "continuous heavy rain" records. After the western han dynasty, about flood describes many more. As the state's serious trouble or danger, the more to modern times, historical records of the Yellow River flood and disaster in the more detailed records. The Yellow River flooding can be described as "ShiBuJueShu".
The qing dynasty to the republic of years, in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River flooding happens mainly has the following several times:
Twenty-six years qing qianlong (1761), from the lunar July 15 to 19, the Yellow River tributary Iraq, rockwell, the Yellow River river dawen and tongguan to main branches interval, fierce drop rain, heavy rains center in henan XinAnXian, Iraq, luohe runoff overflow. According to the analysis calculation, HuaYuanKou peak discharge for 32000 cubic meters per second, the flood to the downstream, the WuZhi, Xing ze, YangWu, fu, culture, etc DiDuan north and south sides of overflow occur, ZhongMou YangQiao breach of the entrance of "hundreds of zhangs", the river JiaLuHe until it gleamed. In this the deluge, Yellow River downstream breach and place, yi clamp beach area depth "above the", luoyang, gong in the county are was flooded, QinYang, repair wu, wu prevent and fraternity, the irrigation city, depth "five or six feet" and even "the depth of more than". Henan, shandong, anhui province dozens of state, county flooded.
Clear light twenty-three years (1843) in July, the Yellow River flooding happen again, according to the official report at the time of the ShanXian WanJinTan water regime, the floods rise rapidly, in front of the flood has not dropped, the subsequent floods come, wave remove mountains, a day of ten hour between, swelling "two zhangs eight inches", such as the rise in history books recorded there has never been. In ShanXian area flood caused great disaster, has also been local "light 23, the Yellow River up to heaven, and wash away TaiYangDu, take away WanJinTan" folk. The size of this year's June, the Yellow River downstream ZhongMou this already breach, in the flood, the entrance ZhongMou are washed to the more big, up to "more than three hundred zhangs," big water two strands of straight to the southeast, henan ZhongMou, WeiShi, fu, general xu, Chen leave, huaiyang, FuGou, Sherwood, TaiKang, QiXian, LuYi, anhui province, fuyang, tai ying superbly generally suffer from flood disaster. The posterity according to flood trace analysis calculation, ShanXian when peak discharge for 36000 cubic meters per second, is the historical investigation maximum flood.

August 10, 1933, the Yellow River ShanXian station appeared since 1919 since the site maximum flood, maximum peak flow of 22000 cubic meters per second, henan county, WuZhi, changyuan, blue seal, take an examination of city, the north and south there are more than 50 place breach, fresh, juye, dingtao, submerged plant. Xuzhou city is the Yellow River dike, be burst "in more than ten". Stream a stock index north, puyang, he finds, and zhang, si 5 four county do into ZeGuo; A stream of guidelines, intrusion anhui. The waters flooded and the henan, shandong, hebei, jiangsu province of 4 30 counties, the affected area of 6592 square kilometers, affected 2.73 million people killed 12700 people, estimate the flood loss reduced silver dollar 270 million yuan.
Second, flood and "water generation soldier"
The Yellow River runoff overflow, due to the natural and economic reasons, plugging complex very difficult, sometimes the river breach, 10 years, 20 years entrance can't block complex, yellow water crosscurrent, ravaged a precise definition. Of course, there are also some breach intentionally don't block a strange thing. WangMang kingdom was three years (the 11 years), the Yellow River in the north of puyang today WeiJun boundary breach. WangMang think the Yellow River diversion east flow, his family's ancestral grave will no longer be in distress, to the peoples, no plugging complex, as the river free flood.
In the history of the Yellow River runoff overflow, have a plenty of for military purposes, man-made destruction caused by the embankment.
The spring and autumn period and the warring states period, the lower Yellow River dikes built is very common, due to the seigneur division, each does things in his own way, the dike often to adjacent to the whole, every state attack each other between cutting, often with water generation soldiers, human never river phenomenon happens continuously: in 359 BC, chu cutting wei, never river irrigation changyuan; In 332 BC, neat, wei joint cutting zhao, zhao river runoff water, neat, wei coalition in the rolling flood forced retreat; In 281 BC, zhao wei in cutting in runoff river again. Never river in tapping felling is played a certain role, but to the people brought huge disaster and pain.
This period, the most famous "water generation soldier" happened in 225 BC, the qin shi huang unified China prepared, in which the divide and conquer strategic perished South Korea, ZhaoGuoHe after yan, and focused on wei. See neighbors have been breached, and he has become so frightened. Qin qin only sent the son of general WangBen, led the 100000 army siege wei capital girder, and lead the Yellow River water of gap filling city. In the flood and under the threat of force, only 3 months, wei was perished. The gap WeiHuiWang excavation, in order to improve the traffic condition, the development of economy, FuGuoJiangBing and dominate the central plains, he would never think of in after more than years, from the gap draws will help a tyrant to do evil, injure both hurt his sons. Sima qian in shi-ji eloquent appraisals appended to qin dynasty recorded by the event.
Qin never river irrigation girder out wei, the warring states period to the water generation soldiers to the highest level, and the southern song dynasty DuChong never river is affected the change of the Yellow River. In 1128, the southern song dynasty ZhaoGou regime in order to prevent JinBing south into, Tokyo left-behind DuChong never open Yellow River, water and soldiers. As a result, the artificial river runoff did not stop JinBing of fighters, they cause great disasters, history of the Yellow River on long-term south flood into the beginning of approval.
In the northern song dynasty, HuangHeCeng once considered natural military barriers, hope to take advantage of the Yellow River this "natural moat" in military play a role. When qidan in the "east flow" north of the equator, and north flow has also is in the qidan within the territory. Due to the central plains of qidan nationality has long advocated east flow such as minister WenYanBo people think, and the river flows east central plains not losing liao army against the natural barrier, right company doing Di king more clearly point out that cangzhou is to contain the liao army fortress, and the river flows east not, on the south bank of the river in cangzhou, liao army from cangzhou can reaching to the capital, which is no barrier. And su zhe, argues that, now of the Yellow River has had very different, the river in limiting the liao army is famous and no real. Because, shallow water, take clothes can across the river, Depth of water, take a boat can also through; Winter the ice, but also such as royal road, want to take the water as natural moat to block the liao army fighters is impossible.
The two sides tit for tat, and are government ministers, the emperor also didn't the mainstay. Since 1088, a moment is daxing engineering back to the river for a while, then a letter shutdown. Finally back to river opinion prevailed, east flow diversion engineering characteristic in succession, four years later, the river has most of the east flow. But, HuangHeDong flow but 5 years, again breach. The river north out of a new flow, still in the past "north flow" of the NingJun dry near the sea, the east flow stop. The Yellow River finally didn't like to be ruler in role against the enemy.
In 1642, the leadership of the help peasant rebel army besieged kaifeng. In order to solve the siege of seal, GuanJun is in today kaifeng black duty should open the mouth of the Yellow River levee, water flooded insurgent and insurgent and in the upstream of the 30 go horse of river rushed GuanJun irrigation. Results two strands of water into the city, drowning residents hundreds of thousands of people, causing the city kaifeng flooded history tragedy.
In the summer of 1938, Chiang kai-shek government in order to prevent the Japanese west, push aside zhengzhou Yellow River HuaYuanKou levee, water generation soldiers, caused the extremely cruel of extreme flood, in Yellow River, huai river is formed between the HuangFanOu.
1937 "on incident", Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression launched, 1938 to may, our country Peiping, Tientsin two cities and hebei, shanxi, shandong province, such as most of the area has been the invading Japanese occupation, taiyuan, Shanghai and nanjing and other cities also have fall. May 19, in xuzhou. The Japanese have controlled the beijing-shanghai railway and the longhai railway, the assemble a large number of troops along the longhai railway west make. Kaifeng tight, the critical.
In order to delay the Japanese west, the KMT first war zone chief executive department side to blow up the Yellow River railway bridge, intercept traffic arteries and a plan in zhengzhou and ZhongMou opens between Yellow River levee, water generation of soldiers. Scheme after worked by cable, forms to Chiang kai-shek ask for instructions. Chiang kai-shek immediately approved the proposal, the military commission desperation "in ZhongMou north of the Yellow River bank choose three point baring embankment, let the river in zhengzhou, between ZhongMou east flood, to prevent the Japanese aggressors west make".
Then, the kuomintang first war zone chief executive department tightening of steak embankment scheme. At the end of may, first sent an infantry regiment rainy night to ZhongMouXian northwest ZhaoKou, implement dig embankment plan. Theater commander personally supervise the implementation. June 2, with explosives to blow open the DiDuan of revetment root stone, levee was dug. But because the river is not much, breach on both sides of the embankment soil collapse, entrance promptly jam. Then, have to in the ZhaoKou 1 km below the levee the other on a breach, but is still cut and collapse, failed. June 5,, kaifeng depression, military situation has been very serious. And he emergency command in zhengzhou HuaYuanKou area should intensify steak. New eight teacher teachers Chiang in Jane came to the spot to command, and "selected eight hundred physically strong soldiers into five groups, two hours a night in, with automobile lamp lighting, work all night". After three days and three nights steak decisions, to June 9,, HuaYuanKou embankment was finally dug, Yellow River water from HuaYuanKou wear embankment, and the pentium straight drain southeast. Among them, the most JiaLuHe along the ZhongMou, WeiShi, YanLing, FuGou the following the xihua, huaiyang to anhui is county along the YanHe to zhengyang into requirement; Another part, since ZhongMou paramagnetic vortex river by general xu, TaiKang, there is county to bosom far into the huai. The Yellow River and the huaihe river flood water in anhui bosom far below, brilliant hongze lake, and then points note river and sea. Yellow, requirement between appeared a huge HuangFanOu, caused a terrible flood.
The Yellow River HuaYuanKou human steak mouth, the serious disaster, disaster such as the scope of far-reaching influence, which is the history of modern Chinese flood that had no. According to the executive yuan HuangFanOu national government about the disaster relief and rehabilitation of the incomplete statistics, flood direct spread and influence of the storage range, from northwest to southeast of about 400 km long, wide ranging from 30 to 80 kilometers, meter 44 county (city), 5.4 square kilometers flooded; Drowning 890000 people, more than 390 people away, a refugee. Within YanLing hinterland, FuGou, TaiKang xihua, such as the county is particularly serious. Room pour house collapse, population dead as a doornail village can be found everywhere. In 1946, during the river back, ZhongMou, general xu, WeiShi, FuGou, ShangShui xihua, six county population of only 38% of the before a disaster.
The human disasters, not only cause a large number of population death, vast tracts of land is barren, and roll a large number of flood sediment into the huai river valley, silting up of the huaihe river and lakes, the huai river basin in successive years flooded, the management of huai river after brought great difficulty, aggravating the huai river basin of the broad masses of the people in disaster. HuaYuanKou steak mouth, the Yellow River flood in the area between yellow. Later, though within the build prevent flood new embankment, undertake repairing keep, but as a result of defense standard is low, in a large flood will burst hazard, storage inside people's drift from place to place, homeless. The Yellow River HuaYuanKou burst water generation soldiers, not only did not stop Japanese all-out attack, but more heavy people's pain and disaster. In October 1938, the kuomintang from positive battlefield continue to rout, wuhan, guangzhou successive fort, national more into position in peril.
Third, the Yellow River LingZai
The Yellow River is the cold winter, some reach to freeze ice. Especially in the upper reaches of the Yellow River better, have reach and lower reach is from low to high, when the spring thaw, often cause ice run threat, ice run breach, flood much entrainment large ice, its potential fierce, unstoppable; Together with freezing, protective rescue very difficult. Ice wherever you go, tree technique in the middle cut off, the people's life and property suffered heavy losses. Ice run by different dynasties as human can't resist "ACTS of god," s "ice run burst, and the river officer not guilty" say.
According to historical records, since 1882 the current channel DongBa head the following the basic built dike in 1938 to 56 years, happen ice run breach has 25 years, more than about 80 place. In 1883 (qing emperor guangxu nine years), "the fourteenth fifth day, ling shot up more than the water, over the territory of north yet mouth area flood 2 place. And zhao crossing, liujia crossing the overtopping one place.... and the JiHe LiGuAn in 16 overtopping one place", to February, ten states along the river county, diffuse mouth have up to 30 place. In 1929 (the republic of 18 years), feb. 28, shares in LiJin house beach ManJue and flooded LiJin, zhanhua more than 60 village, "water potential broad, ice product like a mountain, in those days not plug, December ice run complex, nearby villages to pass into ZeGuo". Republic of 15 years to 26 years (1926 ~ 1937), almost in successive years ice run breach.
Four, frequent drought
Most parts of Yellow River basin belongs to arid and semiarid region, less rainfall by, and the soil erosion is serious, so, and flood, the Yellow River drought, it has a disaster weight, the characteristics of high frequency. From the historical data record to 1945, severe drought during the year in a record of more than 1070 times.
Early basin big drought, describes is unknown, to the Ming and qing dynasties later, on the Yellow River basin of the severe drought during continuous historical materials, common occurance. From 1632 to 1642 years of Ming chongzhen years, the Yellow River happened all previous dynasties rare, consecutive years of extreme drought, drought from ordos maowusu desert start, year after year to the east and to the south extension. During 1638 ~ 1640, the drought from the Yellow River spread to half of China's WuYuQi for 17 months to 19 months, the Yellow River tributary of fenhe river dawen,, the river dried up many times, the main stream in the jin southwest area also appears local block. Such as "coke to smoke, and the earth of your life, wild unique grass," grain don't accept, goose dung cure hunger, flesh and blood phase food, ShiShiJiuKong "the disaster describes too numerous to mention one by one.
Qing emperor guangxu years, three consecutive years of great drought, the death toll to more than 1300; In 1920, shanxi, shaanxi, hebei, shandong, henan great drought, the affected population of 20 million, of which 500000 died; In 1942 ~ 1943 years of drought, henan province is millions of people starved to death.
The Yellow River water resources in time and space distribution is not balanced. According to historical records, drought, floods have a year in many years. Such as the Yellow River in February 1929 occurring downstream ice run breach, aug. FuXun period and in the LiJin breach, and diverted into the sea. In this year, green of the Yellow River, gansu and ningxia, Mongolian and shaanxi provinces (area) of severe drought, "half a year not rain", "represent the victims, phase food", the victims struggling to survive in.
Five, serious soil erosion
The Yellow River in ShangZhongYou areas, flows through the world's largest loess plateau, due to the loess soil loose, vertical joint development, and the soil erosion is serious. As early as in human activities before, loess plateau have soil erosion. Because at that time most of the ground grass cover, soil erosion minor, he shall not cause serious harm. In loess plateau hinterland in Shanxi Province, was once a week, qin, han, tang dynasty and other 13 the land. In ancient times quite long period in history, shaanxi, gansu, Shanxi Province as well as other northwest region, was once vegetation good prosperity and rich land, "mountain LinChuanGu beauty, days of the material, the". Sima guang "ZiZhiTongJian" in the tang period described shanxi, Gandhi the development situation, is "LvYan another, SangMa" wild, the world say rich person but longyou ". Later, due to the increase of population, the destruction of war, coupled with the natural disasters and disorderly the denudation, destroyed the ground vegetation, accelerated the soil erosion, led to the northwest shanxi, gansu and serious desertification, economic and cultural development has been greatly restricted.
Soil and water loss of the loess plateau, is causes the region ecological deterioration of the environment, the low level of agricultural production, the life of poverty, economic development is slow, influence the root of sustainable development. A large number of sediment deposition in the downstream channel, form the ground hanging river, is the Yellow River downstream overrun, difficult to harness the crux of the. Form "the more the more poor, the poor the reclamation, the more the more loss" and the lower Yellow River levee "increasingly more risks, the risk increasingly" two vicious cycle. According to statistics, every year because of the loess plateau gully erosion about loss of more than 6000 hectares of land, accounting for more than 90% of the total arable land in the slope, soil erosion per hectare a year 120 ~ 150 tons, loss of 300 ~ 450 cubic meters of water. Serious soil and water loss, making the area become China's poverty population is most concentrated regions.
Soil erosion on the harm of land, mainly is to reduce the soil fertility, failure surface integrity, aggravate drought development, etc. The loess plateau slope soil from erosion later, water, soil, fertilizer loss together, so that increasingly barren land, become the development of the main restricting factors of agricultural production. According to the analysis, the loess plateau is conveyed to the downstream each year 1.6 billion tons of sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium total about 40 million tons. Erosion, not only reduce the soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content, but also for crop production has an important role of trace elements, such as the content of boron, zinc and other big reduction, active microelement insufficiency, not only cause of crop, but also affects the quality of the agriculture and animal husbandry products. In addition, water erosion that soil structure destruction, soil moisture holding capacity variation, the soil microbial activity was hampered, go against root development and crop growth. Wind erosion, soil surface scrape away the fine grain, make soil coarsening, the structure becomes bad, but also to the agricultural production. Before the founding of, in hilly-gully region, general year per hectare slope area 300 ~ 450 kilograms, help only 150-220 kg, and even grain without charge. Loess plateau is become the famous poverty-stricken areas, soil and water loss is the most main reason.
Most of the loess plateau in arid and semiarid region, less rainfall, uneven distribution of season, agricultural production and suffering from varying degrees of drought threatened, and serious soil and water loss and increased the development of drought. In the absence of vegetation, the surface of slope soil were affected by heavy rains hit, soil pore blockage, rain infiltration velocity is small, a large number of flow along the slope down. The loess plateau less rainfall and evaporation capacity big, is the basic reason caused by drought. History because of violence and other reasons, damaging the forest, cause soil and water loss intensifies, causing ecological deterioration of the environment, and increased the threat of drought. The loess plateau according to all the history research, with the aggravation of the soil and water loss, the chances of getting drought also corresponding frequently.
According to statistics, Shanxi Province in 1464-1949 in 486 years, there were 284 times drought, on average less than 2 years once. The hilly region in northern shaanxi province, and the soil erosion is serious, drought disaster is also very frequent, in 1629-1949, there were 131 times drought, an average of 2.5 years once. Not in loess plateau of shandong taian county, drought, the frequency of the occurrence, with the county territory deforestation and soil and water loss intensifies, also increases accordingly. From tang dynasty to Ming yongle 758 years no drought, from the Ming yongle end of the late qing dynasty to 488 years appear 46 drought years. During the period of the republic of 38 years, a drought 6 times, frequency increase greatly.
Soil and water loss led to the development of gully erosion, the loess plateau cutting torn, gully area expanding increasingly, cultivated land area shrinking. Loess hilly-gully region, general gully density as per square kilometer groove long 2 ~ 7 kilometers, gully area accounts for 30% ~ 50% of the land area, some above 60%.
Investigating the gully region of the table-land were cut, mainly is nearly 1000 ~ 3000 years happened. According to historical records, the gansu province QingYangXian DongZhi tableland, the tang dynasty north and south long when 42 km, thing width 32 kilometers, north and south long now as roughly, things only 18 kilometers wide, the most narrow place only 0.5 kilometers. Only 1000 years of time, because the tableland malian river on both sides of the west bank and PuHe along the east coast of the fretting, make the tableland area down to less than half of the original. According to the survey, only a year ningxia GuYuanXian being swallowed reached 330 ~ 400 hectares of arable land, the loess plateau thus reducing area is breathtaking.
The Great Wall along the sandy area, drought CaoYuanOu, loess hilly region, land desertification and sandstorm buried pressure land problem is very serious. In the conservation of mobile sand dunes, every year from northwest to southeast direction 3 meters, engulfing a large number of grazing and farmlands. Sandy and adjacent to the loess hilly-gully region, there have been thousands of square kilometers of land into a sandy cover. Drought CaoYuanOu conservation and the fixed, half fixed sand dune, once vegetation destruction, immediately in the sand, so that the original pasture into thar. According to statistics, only in yulin of shaanxi province county 1949 years ago in 100, due to the south desert, quicksand buried pressure of farmland have six seventy thousand hectares.
Yulin area in shaanxi province and Inner Mongolia autonomous region bordering on YiKeZhaoMeng the maowusu desert, history has been a famous "lie horse grass", is the yuan dynasty genghis khan old age tuen horse and practice place. The 5th century the rise of the capital of xixia kingdom of wancheng system, in this JingBianXian bai cheng city in shaanxi son, there was no sand, water abundant grass. Xixia kingdom princes Hector even big once said: "beautiful zai! The wide ze and belt. WangHang satire of the land, did not do, if the beauty". But in the system of wancheng set up 300 years later, the gates began to product sand, 500 years later city wall were buried deep in the desert.
In addition, the harm of soil and water loss to the river is very big also. Water and soil from the slope erosion, flood sediment namely into the HuangHeGan, tributary, one is a cause of flood disaster, threat to people's life and property safety; The second is silt reservoirs, river, reduce the water storage, flood discharge and comprehensive utilization function. These two kinds of hazards in the Yellow River everywhere exist to varying degrees, especially in the downstream of the Yellow River flood threat is very serious.
In the lower Yellow River sediment for many years an average of 1.6 billion tons, of which about 400 million tons of siltation in the bed of the lower reaches, the river up at an average annual rate of about 10 cm, year after year, resulting in the world-famous the ground hanging river. This is caused by the Yellow River flood breach of the important reasons, every time breach to people's life and property to bring the huge losses. The Yellow River flooding has been the Chinese nation's "the danger", the root is the Yellow River middle reaches of the water loss and soil erosion.
Soil and water loss also silting up channel, influence shipping. Generally speaking, in the gorge reach of the Yellow River sediment deposition influence shipping problem is not very prominent, and in ningxia, Inner Mongolia hetao plain and the lower Yellow River and weihe river valley of guanzhong, shipping ebb and flow with longyangxia relationship is very close. History is very long period of shipping here is quite developed, especially in the lower Yellow River, from the warring states hand-copied books and some weaved/the Ming dynasty, and the Yellow River communication have many artificial canal, a yellow, requirement, the sea shipping network, was the ruler of survival harbor artery, "harbor high ship exchanges on". But plain region of the channel, all because of a large number of water loss and soil erosion of the loess plateau, sediment siltation channel continuously, the canal disappears, channel shoal. According to the henan shiki · inland shipping record, record, henan province zhengzhou Yellow River railway bridge to seat county zhangzhuang, river 391 kilometers long, often when water depth of 0.7-1.5 meters, the depth of water only 0.6 1 m, channel width shallow, water flow is messy, sail a boat difficult. Tributaries of the Yellow River downstream of weihe river, the ancient Yellow River is connected to the grain channel, history of han dynasty have "wear cao canal through Wei", "chisel cao straight channel from changan to HuaYin" records. In tang dynasty, is still harbor only way, because modern sediment deposition is serious, the downstream of weihe already can't navigation.